| Back to Home Page | Back to Book Index
|
2 Samuel
Chapter Thirteen
2 Samuel 13
Chapter Contents
Ammon's violence to his sister. (1-20) Absalom murders
his brother Ammon. (21-29) David's grief, Absalom flees to Geshur. (30-39)
Commentary on 2 Samuel 13:1-20
(Read 2 Samuel 13:1-20)
From henceforward David was followed with one trouble after
another. Adultery and murder were David's sins, the like sins among his
children were the beginnings of his punishment: he was too indulgent to his
children. Thus David might trace the sins of his children to his own
misconduct, which must have made the anguish of the chastisement worse. Let no
one ever expect good treatment from those who are capable of attempting their
seduction; but it is better to suffer the greatest wrong than to commit the
least sin.
Commentary on 2 Samuel 13:21-29
(Read 2 Samuel 13:21-29)
Observe the aggravations of Absalom's sin: he would have
Ammon slain, when least fit to go out of the world. He engaged his servants in
the guilt. Those servants are ill-taught who obey wicked masters, against God's
commands. Indulged children always prove crosses to godly parents, whose
foolish love leads them to neglect their duty to God.
Commentary on 2 Samuel 13:30-39
(Read 2 Samuel 13:30-39)
Jonadab was as guilty of Ammon's death, as of his sin;
such false friends do they prove, who counsel us to do wickedly. Instead of
loathing Absalom as a murderer, David, after a time, longed to go forth to him.
This was David's infirmity: God saw something in his heart that made a
difference, else we should have thought that he, as much as Eli, honoured his
sons more than God.
── Matthew Henry《Concise Commentary on 2 Samuel》
2 Samuel 13
Verse 1
[1] And it came to pass after this, that Absalom the son of
David had a fair sister, whose name was Tamar; and Amnon the son of David loved
her.
A sister — His sister by father and mother.
Verse 2
[2] And Amnon was so vexed, that he fell sick for his sister
Tamar; for she was a virgin; and Amnon thought it hard for him to do any thing
to her.
A virgin — And therefore diligently kept, so he could not get
private converse with her.
Verse 5
[5] And Jonadab said unto him, Lay thee down on thy bed, and
make thyself sick: and when thy father cometh to see thee, say unto him, I pray
thee, let my sister Tamar come, and give me meat, and dress the meat in my
sight, that I may see it, and eat it at her hand.
My sister — So he calls her, to prevent the
suspicion of any dishonest design upon so near a relation.
At her hand — Pretending, his stomach was so
nice, that he could eat nothing but what he saw dressed, and that by a person
whom he much esteemed.
Verse 9
[9] And she took a pan, and poured them out before him; but
he refused to eat. And Amnon said, Have out all men from me. And they went out
every man from him.
Out — Out of the frying-pan into the dish.
Verse 10
[10] And Amnon said unto Tamar, Bring the meat into the
chamber, that I may eat of thine hand. And Tamar took the cakes which she had
made, and brought them into the chamber to Amnon her brother.
Chamber — Amnon lying upon his couch in one chamber where the
company were with him, where also she made the cakes before him, first sends
all out of that room, and then rises from his couch, and, upon some pretence,
goes into another secret chamber.
Verse 12
[12] And she answered him, Nay, my brother, do not force me;
for no such thing ought to be done in Israel: do not thou this folly.
Brother — Whom nature both teaches to abhor such thoughts and
obliges to defend me from such a mischief with thy utmost hazard, if another
should attempt it.
Force — Thou shouldst abhor it, if I were willing; but to add
violence, is abominable.
Israel — Among God's people who are taught better things; who
also will be infinitely reproached for such a base action.
Verse 13
[13] And I, whither shall I cause my shame to go? and as for
thee, thou shalt be as one of the fools in Israel. Now therefore, I pray thee,
speak unto the king; for he will not withhold me from thee.
Shame — How can I either endure or avoid the shame? Fools -
That is, contemptible to all the people, whereas now thou art heir apparent of
the crown.
Withhold — This she spoke, because she thought her royal father
would dispense with it, upon this extraordinary occasion, to save his
first-born son's life:
Verse 15
[15] Then Amnon hated her exceedingly; so that the hatred
wherewith he hated her was greater than the love wherewith he had loved her.
And Amnon said unto her, Arise, be gone.
Hated her — By the just judgment of God both
upon Amnon and David, that so the sin might be made publick, and way for the
succeeding tragedies.
Verse 16
[16] And she said unto him, There is no cause: this evil in
sending me away is greater than the other that thou didst unto me. But he would
not hearken unto her.
No cause — For me to go.
Greater thou the other — This she might truly
say, because though the other was in itself a greater sin, yet this was an act
of greater cruelty, and a greater calamity to her because it exposed her to
publick infamy and contempt, and besides, it turned a private offence into a
publick scandal, to the great dishonour of God and of his people, and
especially of all the royal family.
Verse 18
[18] And she had a garment of divers colours upon her: for
with such robes were the king's daughters that were virgins apparelled. Then
his servant brought her out, and bolted the door after her.
Garment — Of embroidered work.
Verse 19
[19] And Tamar put ashes on her head, and rent her garment of
divers colours that was on her, and laid her hand on her head, and went on
crying.
Put ashes — To signify her grief for some
calamity which had befallen her, and what that was, concurring circumstances
easily discovered.
Head — In token of grief and shame, as if she were unable and
ashamed to shew her face.
Crying — To manifest her abhorrency of the fact, and that it
was not done by her consent.
Verse 20
[20] And Absalom her brother said unto her, Hath Amnon thy
brother been with thee? but hold now thy peace, my sister: he is thy brother;
regard not this thing. So Tamar remained desolate in her brother Absalom's
house.
Been with thee — Behold, and imitate the modesty
of scripture expressions.
Brother — Wherefore thou must forgive and forgot the injury;
therefore thy disgracing of him will be a blot to us all; therefore thou wilt
not get right from David against him, because he is as near and dear to him as
thou; therefore thy dishonour is the less, because thou wast not abused by any
mean person, but by a king's son; therefore this evil must be borne, because it
cannot be revenged: and thus he covers his design of taking vengeance upon him
at the first opportunity.
Regard not — So as to torment thyself.
Desolate — Through shame and dejection of mind, giving her self
up to solitude and retirement.
Verse 21
[21] But when king David heard of all these things, he was
very wroth.
Wroth — With Amnon: whom yet he did not punish, at least so
severely as he should either from the consciousness of his own guilt in the
like kind; or, from that foolish indulgence which he often shewed to his
children.
Verse 22
[22] And Absalom spake unto his brother Amnon neither good
nor bad: for Absalom hated Amnon, because he had forced his sister Tamar.
Spake — That is, he said nothing at all to him, about that
business. He neither debated it with him, nor threatened him for it; but seemed
willing to pass it by with brotherly kindness. If he had wholly forborne all
discourse with him, it would have raised jealousies in Amnon and David.
Verse 23
[23] And it came to pass after two full years, that Absalom
had sheepshearers in Baalhazor, which is beside Ephraim: and Absalom invited
all the king's sons.
Two years — This circumstance of time is
noted, as an aggravation of Absalom's malice, which was so implacable: and as
an act of policy, that both Amnon and David might more securely comply with his
desires.
Verse 26
[26] Then said Absalom, If not, I pray thee, let my brother
Amnon go with us. And the king said unto him, Why should he go with thee?
Let Amnon — For the king designed (as the
following words shew) to keep him at home with him, as being his eldest son,
and heir of his kingdom: otherwise Absalom would never have made particular
mention of him; which now he was forced to do. Nor did this desire of Amnon's
presence want specious pretences, as that seeing the king would not, he who was
next to him might, honour him with his company; and that this might be a
publick token of friendship between him and his brother, notwithstanding the
former occasion of difference.
Verse 27
[27] But Absalom pressed him, that he let Amnon and all the
king's sons go with him.
Pressed him — It is strange that his urgent
desire of Amnon's company raised no suspicion in so wise a king; but God
suffered him to be blinded that he might execute his judgments upon David, and
bring upon Amnon the just punishment of his lewdness.
Verse 28
[28] Now Absalom had commanded his servants, saying, Mark ye
now when Amnon's heart is merry with wine, and when I say unto you, Smite
Amnon; then kill him, fear not: have not I commanded you? be courageous, and be
valiant.
Merry — When he least suspects, and will be most unable to
prevent the evil.
I — I who am the king's son, and, when Amnon is gone, his
heir: who therefore shall easily obtain pardon for you, and will liberally
reward you.
Verse 29
[29] And the servants of Absalom did unto Amnon as Absalom
had commanded. Then all the king's sons arose, and every man gat him up upon
his mule, and fled.
Commanded — Now the threatened sword is drawn
in David's house, which will not depart from it. His eldest son falls by it,
thro' his own wickedness, and his father by his connivance is accessory to it.
Verse 37
[37] But Absalom fled, and went to Talmai, the son of
Ammihud, king of Geshur. And David mourned for his son every day.
Talmai — His mother's father, that he might have present
protection and sustenance from him; and that by his mediation he might obtain
his father's pardon.
Verse 39
[39] And the soul of king David longed to go forth unto
Absalom: for he was comforted concerning Amnon, seeing he was dead.
Go forth — And could not he recalled, to visit him, or to send
for him. What amazing weakness was this! At first he could not find in his
heart, to do justice to the ravisher of his sister! And now he can almost find
in his heart to receive into favour the murderer of his brother? How can we
excuse David from the sin of Eli; who honoured his sons more than God?
── John Wesley《Explanatory Notes on 2
Samuel》
13 Chapter 13
Verses 1-37
Absalom the son of David had a fair sister.
The wickedness of Amnon
No other book but the Bible dare have inserted such a chronicle as
this and yet have hoped to retain the attention and confidence of the whole
world through all ages. A chapter of this kind is not to be read in its
singularity, as if it stood wholly alone and unrelated to other currents of
human history. Coming upon it as an exceptional story, the only possible
feeling is one of intense and repugnant disgust. If this chapter, and a few
others almost like it, occupied any considerable space in the Bible, without
being relieved by a context of a very different quality, they would certainly
and properly wreck the fortune of the whole book as a public instructor and
guide. Amnon did not represent a human nature different from our own. It must always
be considered that such men as Amnon and Judas Iscariot represented the very
human nature which we ourselves embody. The difference between the sweet child
and the corrupt and infernal Amnon may in reality be but a difference in
appearance and form. Time alone can tell what is in every human heart, and not,
time only, for circumstances sometimes awaken either our best selves or our
worst selves and surprise us by what is little less than a miracle of
self-revelation Again and again, therefore, let it be said--for the tediousness
is well compensated by the moral instruction--that when we see the worst
specimen of human nature we see what we ourselves might have been but for the
restraining grace of God. A relieving feature in the whole record is certainly
to be found in the anger which was felt in regard to the outrage committed by
Amnon. The outrage was not looked upon as a mere commonplace, or as a thing to
be passed by a casual remark; it aroused the infinite indignation of Absalom,
and in this ease Absalom, as certainly as Amnon, must be taken in a representative
capacity. Whilst, therefore, it is right to look upon this most heartrending
and discouraging aspect of human nature, it is rights also to remember that
those who observed it answered the unholy deed with burning indignations, It is
thus that the Spirit of God reveals itself through the spirit of man. This is
not the voice of Absalom alone; it is the voice of the Spirit which fills and
rules the world. We need men who dare express their angriest and holiest
feelings in indignation that cannot be mitigated or turned aside; we need men
who have courage to go forth and make their voices heard in moral darkness.
Absalom killed Amnon, and killed him in a somewhat cowardly way; yet it would
be difficult to blame Absalom for this act of fraternal reprisal and justice.
Still, it is just at such critical points that the spirit of Christian
civilisation intervenes and undertakes to do for the individual man what the
individual man must not be permitted to do for himself. Here is the mystery of
society. It would seem a short and easy method for every man who is outraged
immediately to cause the criminal to suffer, but on second thoughts it will
appear, first, that this is impossible, and, secondly, that it is utterly
impracticable: impossible because in many cases the criminal may be stronger
than the man who has been outraged, and impracticable because the criminal may
by many cunning methods evade the punishment which the righteous man would
inflict. These records are written not only for our instruction but for our
warning. The most puristic mind may well pause before the record of this
chapter and wonder as to his own possibilities of apostasy. “Let him that
thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall.” “Be sure your sin will find you
out.” What is done in secret is to be proclaimed from the house-tops, and a
sudden light is to unveil that which is supposed to be covered by the densest
concealment. Society would be rent in twain by the very suspicion that there
may be Amnons within its circle, but for the conviction that the Lord reigneth,
and that all things make for righteousness and justice under his beneficent
rule. (J. Parker, D. D.)
Absalom and Amnon
A living sorrow, says the proverb, is worse than a dead. The dead
sorrow had been very grievous to David; what the living sorrow, of which this
chapter tells us, must have been, we cannot conceive. It is a very repulsive
picture of sensuality that this chapter presents. One would suppose float Amnon
and Absalom had been accustomed to the wild orgies of pagan idolatry. Nathan
had rebuked David because he had given occasion to the enemies of the Lord to
blaspheme. This in God’s eyes was a grievous offence. Amnon and Absalom are now
guilty of the same offence in another form, because they afford a pretext for
ungodly men to say that the families of holy men are no better--perhaps that
they are worse--than other families. In Scripture some men have very short
biographies; Amnon is one of these. And, like Cain, all that is recorded of him
has the mark of infamy. We can easily understand that it was a great disaster
to him to be a king’s son. To have his position in life determined and all his
wants supplied without an effort on his part; to be so accustomed to indulge
his legitimate feelings that when illegitimate desires rose up it seemed but
natural that they too should be gratified; to be surrounded by parasites and
flatterers, that would make a point of never crossing him nor uttering a
disagreeable word, but constantly encouraging his tastes--all this was
extremely dangerous. And when his father had set him the example, it was hardly
possible he would avoid the snare. There is every reason to believe that before
he is presented to us in this chapter he was already steeped in sensuality. It
was his misfortune to have a friend, Jonadab, the son of Shimeah, David’s
brother, “a very subtil man,” who at heart must trove been as great a
profligate as himself. For if Jonadab had been anything but a profligate, Amnon
would never have confided to him his odious desire with reference to his
half-sister, and Jonadab would never have given him the advice that he did.
What a blessing to Anmon, at this stage of the tragedy, would have been the
faithful advice of an honest friend--one who would have had the courage to
declare the infamy of his proposal, and who would have so placed it in the
light of truth that it would have shocked and horrified even Amnon himself l In
reality, the friend was more guilty than the culprit. The one was blinded by
passion; the other was self-possessed and cool. The cool man encourages the
heated; the sober man urges on the intoxicated. The plan which Jonadab proposes
for Amnon to obtain the object of his desire is founded on a stratagem which he
is to practise on his father. He is to pretend sickness, and under this pretext
to get matters arranged by his father as he would like. If anything more was
needed to show the accomplished villainy of Amnon, it is his treatment of Tamar
after he has violently compassed her ruin. It is the story so often repeated
even at this day--the ruined victim flung aside in dishonour, and left unpitied
to her shame. We think of those men of the olden time as utter barbarians who
confined their foes in dismal dungeons, making their lives a continual torture,
and denying them the slightest solace to the miseries of captivity. But what
shall we say of those, high-born and wealthy men, it may be, who doom their
cast-off victims to an existence of wretchedness and degradation which has no
gleam of enjoyment, compared with which the silence and loneliness of a prison
would he a luxury? Can the selfishness of sin exhibit itself anywhere or anyhow
more terribly? If David winked, Absalom did nothing of the kind. Such treatment
of his full sister, if the king chose to let it alone, could not be left alone
by the proud, indignant brother. He nursed his wrath, and watched for his
opportunity. Nothing short of the death of Anmon would suffice him. And that
death must be compassed not in open fight but by assassination. And now the
first part of the retribution denounced by Nathan begins to be fulfilled, and
fulfilled very fearfully--“the sword shall never depart from thy house.” (W.
G. Blaikie, D. D.)
Parental failure
Every one must have been struck by the remarkable fact that while
David was so admirable as a governor of a kingdom, he was so unsuccessful as a
ruler of his own house.
1. First of all, in accounting for the troubles of his house, we have
again to notice his plurality of wives--a sure source not only of domestic
trouble, but of ungodliness too. The training of the young, and all the more
since the Fall, is attended with very great difficulties; and unless father and
mother be united, visibly united, in affection, in judgment, and in piety, the
difficulty of raising a godly seed is very greatly increased. In David’s house
there must have been sad confusion. There could have been no happy and
harmonious co-operation between father and mother in training the children,
Hence the paramount importance of the apostle’s exhortation--“Be ye not
unequally yoked together with unbelievers.”
2. Further, David’s own example, in certain respects, was another
cause of the ill-ordered state of his family. A parent may have a hundred good
qualities, and but very few bad, but the risk of his children adopting the bad
is much greater than the likelihood of their copying the good. The bent of
their fallen nature inclines them to the one; only Divine grace can draw them
to the other. The character Of David was singularly rich in fine qualities, but
it was also marked by a few flaring defects. One was, proneness to animal
indulgence; another, the occasional absence of straightforwardness. These were
the very defects which his children copied.
3. A third cause of David’s failure in the government of his family
was the excessive, even morbid tenderness of his feelings towards his
children--especially some of them. Perhaps a fourth reason may be added for
David’s ill success in his family--though of this there is less positive proof
than of the rest--he may have thought of his family circle as too exclusively a
scene for relaxation and enjoyment--he may have forgot that even there is a
call for much vigilance and self-denial. Men much harassed with public business
and care are prone to this error. In truth, there is no recreation in absolute
idleness, and no happiness in neglect of duty. True recreation lies not in
idleness, but in change of employment, and true happiness is found not in
neglecting duty, but in its performance. (W. G. Blaikie, D. D.)
Amnon and Absalom: Examples of short-circuited lives
The wires became crossed; there was a flash, a beautiful
pyrotechnic display, and then the machinery that ought to have lasted years
longer was still--a mass of inert matter fit only to go to the shop and undergo
extensive repairs. “She got short-circuited, and burned herself out,” was the
explanation of the engineer. No one questions that selfish indulgence and sin
yield more intense and feverish pleasure than a life of self-control and
unselfishness. All normal pleasures are moderate, because it is the wise design
of nature to have them often repeated and continued through a long period,
culminating at the” end. To yield to a desire for immoderate indulgence of any
kind, whether it is the pursuit of the pleasures of appetite, or of business
successes, or of social excitement, or intellectual dissipation in
novel-reading or the play, is simply to short-circuit our lives and burn out in
a few fitful flashes the possibilities of enjoyment that should have been
extended over a long and happy lifetime.
Vengeance upon the wrongdoer
Tarquinius’ son Sextus, lawless and flagitious, had committed a
rape on Lucretia. The dead body of the violated Lucretia was brought into the
forum, and Brutus, throwing off his assumed disguise of insanity, appeared the
passionate advocate of a just revenge, and the animated orator in the cause of
liberty against tyrannical oppression. The people were roused in a moment, and
were prompt and unanimous in their procedure. Tarquinius was at this time
absent from the city, engaged in a war with the Rutulians. The Senate was
assembled, and pronounced a decree which banished forever the tyrant, and at
the same time utterly abolished the name and office of king. (Tytler’s
History.)
Purity at all cost
Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, finding that two or three of the boys had
been guilty of impurity of both speech and action, he promptly dismissed them
from the school. The directors, meeting later on, took the Doctor severely to
task for the drastic measures he had resorted to, and said “at that rate the
college would soon be empty.” He simply replied that he “would rather see the
number reduced to twelve, and have purity of thought and action, than bad moral
influence to have a foothold.” (Newton Jones.)
Absalom hath slain all the king’s sons.
Chastisement
The fulfilment of the curse on David’s house now begun.
I. Observe the
justice of God’s dealings in chastisement. A comparison of David’s sin and its
punishment shows that free forgiveness does not remove consequences in this
life.
1. David had wounded Uriah in his best affections. He himself was
allowed to suffer the keenest sorrow through the son he best loved.
2. He had to see the
evil heritage of lust develope in that favourite child.
3. He took the one ewe lamb. Absalom stole the hearts of all Israel.
4. David made Joab his tool to carry out his treachery. Henceforth he
was Joab’s tool, obliged to bear with him, and leave his punishment to Solomon.
II. Sin had
weakened his power. He no longer possessed the respect of the nation. The reins
of government were dropping from his hands. Yet he recognised love in it all,
and God meant it in love. (R. E. Faulkner.)
.
──《The Biblical Illustrator》