| Back to Home Page | Back to Book Index
|
2 Samuel
Chapter Eight
2 Samuel 8
Chapter Contents
David subdues the Philistines, the Moabites, and the
Syrians. (1-8) The spoil dedicated. (9-14) David's government and officers.
(15-18)
Commentary on 2 Samuel 8:1-8.
(Read 2 Samuel 8:1-8.)
David subdued the Philistines. They had long been troublesome
to Israel. And after the long and frequent struggles the saints have with the
powers of darkness, like Israel with the Philistines, the Son of David shall
tread them all under foot, and make the saints more than conquerors. He smote
the Moabites, and made them tributaries to Israel. Two parts he destroyed, the
third part he spared. The line that was to keep alive, though it was but one,
is ordered to be a full line. Let the line of mercy be stretched to the utmost.
He smote the Syrians. In all these wars David was protected, for this in his
psalms he often gives glory to God.
Commentary on 2 Samuel 8:9-14
(Read 2 Samuel 8:9-14)
All the precious things David was master of, were dedicated
things; they were designed for building the temple. The idols of gold David
destroyed, 2 Samuel 5:21, but the vessels of gold he
dedicated. Thus, in the conquest of a soul by the grace of the Son of David,
what stands in opposition to God must be destroyed, every lust must be
mortified and crucified, but what may glorify him must be dedicated; thus the
property of it is altered. God employs his servants in various ways; some, as
David, in spiritual battles; others, as Solomon, in spiritual buildings; and
one prepares work for the other, that God may have the glory of all.
Commentary on 2 Samuel 8:15-18
(Read 2 Samuel 8:15-18)
David neither did wrong, nor denied or delayed right to
any. This speaks his close application to business; also his readiness to admit
all addresses and appeals made to him. He had no respect of persons in
judgment. Herein he was a type of Christ. To Him let us submit, his friendship
let us seek, his service let us count our pleasure, diligently attending to the
work he assigns to each of us. David made his sons chief rulers; but all
believers, Christ's spiritual seed, are better preferred, for they are made
kings and priests to our God, Revelation 1:6.
── Matthew Henry《Concise Commentary on 2 Samuel》
2 Samuel 8
Verse 1
[1] And
after this it came to pass, that David smote the Philistines, and subdued them:
and David took Methegammah out of the hand of the Philistines.
And David took —
Gath and her towns, as it is expressed in the parallel place, 1 Chronicles 18:1. Which are called
Metheg-ammah, or the bridle of Ammah, Gath was situate in the mountain of
Ammah; and because this being the chief city of the Philistines, and having a
king, which none of the rest had, was the bridle which had hitherto kept the
Israelites in subjection.
Verse 2
[2] And he smote Moab, and measured them with a line, casting them down to the
ground; even with two lines measured he to put to death, and with one full line
to keep alive. And so the Moabites became David's servants, and brought gifts.
Moab —
For although the king of Moab, out of hatred to Saul, gave protection to his
parents, 1 Samuel 22:3,4, yet the Moabites were perpetual
and sworn enemies to the Israelites, who therefore were forbidden to admit them
into the congregation of the Lord. And though God commanded them in their march
to Canaan, to spare the Moabites, yet afterwards they proved fierce enemies to
God and his people, and thereby provoked God to alter his carriage towards
them.
Measured them —
That is, having conquered the land, he made an estimate of it, and distributed
the towns and people into three parts.
Casting down —
Overthrowing their towns, and utterly destroying their people in manner
following. And now that prophecy, Numbers 24:17, was accomplished.
Verse 3
[3]
David smote also Hadadezer, the son of Rehob, king of Zobah, as he went to
recover his border at the river Euphrates.
As he went —
David, remembering the grant which God had made to his people of all the land
as far as Euphrates, and having subdued his neighbouring enemies, went to
recover his rights, and stablish his dominion as far as Euphrates.
Verse 4
[4] And
David took from him a thousand chariots, and seven hundred horsemen, and twenty
thousand footmen: and David houghed all the chariot horses, but reserved of
them for an hundred chariots.
Seven hundred —
Or, seven hundred companies of horsemen, that is, in all seven thousand; as it
is 1 Chronicles 18:4, there being ten in each
company, and each ten having a ruler or captain.
Houghed — -
That is, cut the sinews of their legs, that they might be useless for war.
Verse 5
[5] And when the Syrians of Damascus came to succour Hadadezer king of Zobah,
David slew of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men.
Of Damascus —
That is, who were subject to Damascus, the chief city of Syria.
Verse 7
[7] And
David took the shields of gold that were on the servants of Hadadezer, and
brought them to Jerusalem.
On the servants — Or
rather, which were with the servants, that is, committed to their custody, as
being kept in the king's armoury: for it is not probable they carried them into
the field.
Verse 8
[8] And
from Betah, and from Berothai, cities of Hadadezer, king David took exceeding
much brass.
From Betah, … — In
1 Chronicles 18:8, it is, from Tibhath, and from
Chun. Either therefore the same cities were called by several names, as is
usual, the one by the Hebrews, the other by the Syrians, or those were two
other cities, and so the brass was taken out of these four cities.
Verse 14
[14] And
he put garrisons in Edom; throughout all Edom put he garrisons, and all they of
Edom became David's servants. And the LORD preserved David whithersoever he
went.
The Lord preserved, … — All David's victories were typical of the success of the gospel over the
kingdom of Satan, in which the Son of David rode forth, conquering and to
conquer, and will reign 'till he has brought down all opposing rule,
principality and power.
Verse 16
[16] And
Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the host; and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud
was recorder;
Recorder —
The treasurer, who examined all the accounts, and kept records of them.
Verse 17
[17] And
Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, were the priests;
and Seraiah was the scribe;
Scribe —
Or, secretary of state.
Verse 18
[18] And
Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over both the Cherethites and the Pelethites;
and David's sons were chief rulers.
Cherethites, … —
The Cherethites and Pelethites were undoubtedly soldiers, and such as were
eminent for their valour and fidelity. Most probable they were the king's
guards, which consisted of these two bands, who might be distinguished either
by their several weapons, or by the differing time or manner of their service.
They are supposed to be thus called either, first, from their office, which was
upon the king's command to cut off or punish offenders, and to preserve the
king's person, as their names in the Hebrew tongue may seem to imply. Or,
secondly, from some country, or place to which they had relation. As for the
Cherithites, it is certain they were ether a branch of the Philistines, or a
people neighbouring to them, and so might the Pelethites be too, though that be
not related in scripture. And these Israelites and soldiers of David might be
so called, either because they went and lived with David when he dwelt in those
parts or, for some notable exploit against, or victory over these people.
── John Wesley《Explanatory Notes on 2
Samuel》
08 Chapter 8
Verses 1-14
Verses 1-18
David smote the Philistines and subdued them.
The victorious king
These years of war gave birth to some of the grandest of the
psalms, amongst which may be numbered, 2., 20., 21., 60., 110.
I. The foe. They
trust in chariots and in horses; their kings think that they will be saved by
the multitude of their hosts. They inspire fear through the hearts of Israel,
so that the land trembles as though God had rent it, and the people drink the
wine of staggering and dismay. So tremendous is their assault, so overwhelming
their numbers, that all help of man seems vain. It is thus in every era of the
history of God’s people, that Satan has stirred up their foes. Right behind the
coalitions of men lies the malignity of the fallen spirit, who ever seeks to
bruise the heel of the woman’s seed.
II. The attitude of
faith. Whilst the Serried ranks of the foe are are in sight, the hero-king is
permitted a vision into the unseen and eternal. There is no fear upon the face
of God, no change in his determination to set his king upon his holy hill. In
fact, it seems that the day of his foe’s attack is that in which he receives a
new assurance of sonship, and is bidden to claim the nations for his
inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for his possession. In
perfect peace he anticipates the result, the Lord will send forth the rod of
His strength out of Zion, and strike through kings in the day of His wrath, and
make His enemies His footstool, so that in all after-days he may combine the
office of priest and king, as Melchizedek did on that same site centuries
before.
III. The warriors of
the priest-king. Catching the contagion of his faith, they triumph in God’s
salvation, and in His Name set up their banners. They believe that God, as a
Man of War, is going forth with their, hosts, and will tread down their
adversaries. They are characterised by the willingness of their service. No
mercenaries are pressed into their ranks; they gladly gather around the
standard, as the warriors of whom Deborah sang, who willingly offered
themselves. They are clad not in mail, but in the fine linen of the priests;
“the beauties of holiness,” a phrase which suggests that the warfare was
conducted by religious men as an act of worship to God. They are numerous as
the dewdrops that bespangle the morning grass, when every blade has its own
coronet of jewels, and the light is reflected from a million diamonds (Psalms 110:1-7.) What an exquisite
conception of David’s ideal for his soldiers, and of the knightly chivalry, of
the purity, truth, and righteousness, in which all the soldiers of the Messiah
should be arrayed!
IV. The
completeness of the victory. The armies of the alien cannot stand the onset of
those heaven-accoutred soldiers. Kings of armies flee apace. They are bowed
down and fallen in bitter, hopeless defeat. They are made as a fiery furnace in
the time of God’s anger, and swallowed up in His wrath. Their dead bodies strew
the battlefield, and the valleys are choked with slain. In David we have a type
of the Messiah. For, of a truth, against the Holy Servant Jesus, whom God has
anointed, both the Gentiles and the peoples of Israel have gathered together.
Men have refused His sway, and do refuse it; but God hath sworn, and will not
repent, that to Him every knee shall bow, and every tongue confess: and it is
more sure than that to-morrow’s sun will rise that, ere long, great voices
shall be heard in Heaven, saying, “The kingdoms of the world are become the
kingdoms of our Lord, and of His Christ: and He shall reign for ever and ever”
(Revelation 11:15-18.) (F. B. Meyer, B.
A.)
David’s foreign wars
The first series of David’s wars, on the termination of which it
is said that he enjoyed “rest round about from all his enemies” (2 Samuel 7:1), was concluded before
his proposal to build the temple. These seem to have been wars with such
remnants of the ancient inhabitants as combined to molest his people within the
limits of the twelve tribes. The wars now undertaken were chiefly against
neighbouring nations, including the occupants of that large territory between
Palestine and the Euphrates, which God had promised to Abraham (Genesis 15:18). The nations against which
David now went forth were most of them extremely warlike; they seem, too, to
have been banded together in leagues or confederacies; so that the enterprise
was attended with difficulties and dangers which only a heart, made brave and
fearless by trust in the Invisible, could have ventured to face. The 20th Psalm
may have been written for the occasion, and left behind for the Levites, to be
sung in the name of the nation, when they remembered the perils to which their
king and his troops had gone forth. It is an instructive fact that the history
of these wars occupies so small a portion of the Bible. A single verse is all
that can be afforded to most of them. Had they been narrated at length, they
would probably have forced a narrative that would have placed David, as a
captain, on a level with Cyrus, Hannibal, or Caesar. It is one of the less
noticed proofs of the inspiration of the Old Testament, that such dazzling transactions
as these are passed over so briefly. There is no other history in the world
where more space would be occupied in describing the carrying of an ark to its
permanent resting-place, than in narrating seven great military campaigns. It
would be beyond the power of human nature to resist the temptation to describe
great battles--the story of which is always read with such interest, and which
reflect so much earthly glory on one’s nation, and create in the mind of the
national reader such a feeling of satisfaction and pride.
Verses 6-14
And David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus.
The garrison of the graces
“He that buildeth a ship doth not make his work of such a sort
that it may avoid all waves and billows, that is impossible; but he so builds
it that it may be tight and staunch, and able to endure all weathers.” Even so
the very frame and construction of the spiritual life were formed with a view
to trials. Jerusalem was walled because enemies were expected; David built
towers and armouries because he looked for war; and what mean the graces of
faith and patience unless affliction is to be reckoned on? Our glorious Leader
would never have armed and armoured all his followers if there had not been
allotted to them a wrestling with principalities and powers. See how Paul, in
the same chapter in which he tells us of the panoply of God, reminds us of the
adversaries whom we shall surely encounter. Has the Lord made thee to be strong
in faith and brave in heart? Then be not surprised if thy stout ship is sent to
traverse stormy seas. God doth not throw away strength by putting it where it
will never be needed. Storms will surely come where grace is given to bear
them, and through these storms grace will develop into glory (C. H.
Spurgeon.)
The Lord preserved David
whithersoever he went.--
God over man
I. The employment
in which David was engaged.
II. The care which
David experienced.
Application. “Who will this day consecrate his service unto the
Lord?” Those who do so will find it
Verses 15-18
David reigned over all Israel.
Administration of the kingdom
I. The first thing
pointed out to us here is the catholicity of his kingly government; embracing
all Israel, all people. He did not bestow his attention on one favoured section
of the people to the neglect or careless oversight of the rest. He did not, for
example, seek the prosperity of his own tribe, Judah, to the neglect of the
other eleven. In a word, there was no favouritism in his reign. In this he
reflected that universality of God’s care on which we find the Psalmist
dwelling with such complacency: “The Lord is good to all; and His tender
mercies are over all His works.” In the next place, we have much to learn from
the statement that the most prominent thing that David did was to “execute
judgment and justice to the people.”
II. That was the
solid foundation on which all his benefits rested. For it is never said that
Saul did anything of the kind. And most certainly they are not words that could
have been used of the ordinary government of Oriental kings. This idea of equal
justice to all, and especially to those who had no helper, was a very beautiful
one in David’s eyes. It gathered round it those bright and happy features which
in the seventy-second Psalm are associated with the administration of another
King. “Give the king Thy judgments, O God, and Thy righteousness to the king’s
son. He shall judge Thy people with righteousness, and Thy poor with judgment.”
And in all this we find the features of that higher government of David’s Son
which shows so richly His most gracious nature. The cry of sorrow and need, as
it rose from the dark world, did not repel, but rather attracted, Him. All were
in the lowest depths of spiritual poverty, but for that reason His hand was the
more freely offered for their help. We are not to think of David, however, as
being satisfied if he merely secured justice to the poor and succeeded in
lightening their yoke. His ulterior aim was to fill his kingdom with active,
useful, honourable citizens.
III. The remaining
notices of David’s administration in the passage before us are simply to the
effect that the government consisted of various departments, and that each
department had an officer at its head.
1. There was the military department, at the head of which was Joab,
or rather he was over “the host” the great muster of the people for military purposes.
A more select body, “the Cherethites and the Pelethites,” seems to have formed
a bodyguard for the king, or a banal of household troops, and was under a
separate commander. The troops forming “the host” were divided into twelve
courses of twenty-four thousand each, regularly officered, and for one month of
the year the officers of one of the courses, and probably the people, or some
of them, attended on the king at Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 27:1.)
2. There was the civil department; at the head of which were
Jehoshaphat the recorder and Seraiah the scribe or secretary. While these were
in attendance on David at Jerusalem they did not supersede the ordinary home
rule of the tribes of Israel. Each tribe had still its prince or ruler, and
continued, under a general superintendence from the king, to conduct its local
affairs (1 Chronicles 27:16-22). This home-rule
system, besides interesting the people greatly in the prosperity of the
country, was a great check against the abuse of the royal authority; and it is
a proof that the confidence of Rehoboam in the stability of his government,
confirmed perhaps by a superstitious view of that promise to David, must have
been an absolute infatuation, the product of utter inexperience on his part,
and of the most foolish counsel ever tendered by professional advisers.
3. Ecclesiastical administration. The capture of Jerusalem and its
erection into the capital of the kingdom made a great change in ecclesiastical
arrangements. For some time before it would have been hard to tell where the
ecclesiastical capital was to be found. Shiloh had been stripped of its glory
when Ichabod received his name, and the Philistine armies destroyed the place.
Nob had shared a similar fate at the hands of Saul. The old tabernacle erected
by Moses in the wilderness was at Gibeon (1 Chronicles 21:29), and remained
there even after the removal of the ark to Zion (1 Kings 3:4). At Hebron, too, there
must have been a shrine while David reigned there. But from the time when David
brought up the ark to Jerusalem that city became the greatest centre of the
national worship. There the services enjoined by the law of Moses were
celebrated; it became the scene of the great festivals of Passover, Pentecost,
and Tabernacles. We are told that the heads of the ecclesiastical department
were Zadok the son of Ahitub and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar. These
represented the elder and the younger branches of the priesthood. It is
scarcely possible to say how far these careful ecclesiastical arrangements were
instrumental in fostering the spirit of genuine piety. But there is too much
reason to fear that even in David’s time that element was very deficient. The
bursts of religious enthusiasm that occasionally rolled over the country were
no sure indications of piety in a people easily roused to temporary gushes of
feeling, but deficient in stability. The systematic administration of his
kingdom by King David was the fruit of a remarkable faculty of orderly
arrangement that belonged to most of the great men of Israel. We see it in
Abraham, in his prompt and successful marshalling of his servants to pursue and
attack the kings of the East when they carried off Lot; we see it in Joseph,
first collecting and then distributing the stores of food in Egypt; in Moses,
conducting that marvellous host in order and safety through the wilderness;
and, in later times, in Ezra and Nehemiah, reducing the chaos which they found
at Jerusalem to a state of order and prosperity which seemed to verify the
vision of the dry bones. We see it in the Son of David, in the orderly way in
which all His arrangements were made: the sending forth of the twelve Apostles
and the seventy disciples, the arranging of the multitude when He fed the five
thousand, and the careful gathering up of the fragments “that nothing be lost.”
In the spiritual kingdom, a corresponding order is demanded, and times of peace
and rest in the Church are times when this development is specially to be
studied. (W. G. Blaikie, D. D.)
A just governor
The people of Khartoum (after giving General Gordon an
enthusiastic welcome as their new Governor-General), anxiously awaited a speech
in return. It came characteristic of the man: “With the help of God I will hold
the balance level.” It was what they wanted, a just ruler and judge, and at
last they had got one. Governors formerly could only be approached by bribery
of the officials around them. General Gordon had a letter-box made in the door
of his palace, for all petitions, and they received his personal attention.
Verses 15-18
David reigned over all Israel.
Administration of the kingdom
I. The first thing
pointed out to us here is the catholicity of his kingly government; embracing
all Israel, all people. He did not bestow his attention on one favoured section
of the people to the neglect or careless oversight of the rest. He did not, for
example, seek the prosperity of his own tribe, Judah, to the neglect of the
other eleven. In a word, there was no favouritism in his reign. In this he
reflected that universality of God’s care on which we find the Psalmist
dwelling with such complacency: “The Lord is good to all; and His tender
mercies are over all His works.” In the next place, we have much to learn from
the statement that the most prominent thing that David did was to “execute
judgment and justice to the people.”
II. That was the
solid foundation on which all his benefits rested. For it is never said that
Saul did anything of the kind. And most certainly they are not words that could
have been used of the ordinary government of Oriental kings. This idea of equal
justice to all, and especially to those who had no helper, was a very beautiful
one in David’s eyes. It gathered round it those bright and happy features which
in the seventy-second Psalm are associated with the administration of another
King. “Give the king Thy judgments, O God, and Thy righteousness to the king’s
son. He shall judge Thy people with righteousness, and Thy poor with judgment.”
And in all this we find the features of that higher government of David’s Son
which shows so richly His most gracious nature. The cry of sorrow and need, as
it rose from the dark world, did not repel, but rather attracted, Him. All were
in the lowest depths of spiritual poverty, but for that reason His hand was the
more freely offered for their help. We are not to think of David, however, as
being satisfied if he merely secured justice to the poor and succeeded in
lightening their yoke. His ulterior aim was to fill his kingdom with active,
useful, honourable citizens.
III. The remaining
notices of David’s administration in the passage before us are simply to the
effect that the government consisted of various departments, and that each
department had an officer at its head.
1. There was the military department, at the head of which was Joab,
or rather he was over “the host” the great muster of the people for military
purposes. A more select body, “the Cherethites and the Pelethites,” seems to
have formed a bodyguard for the king, or a banal of household troops, and was
under a separate commander. The troops forming “the host” were divided into
twelve courses of twenty-four thousand each, regularly officered, and for one
month of the year the officers of one of the courses, and probably the people,
or some of them, attended on the king at Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 27:1.)
2. There was the civil department; at the head of which were
Jehoshaphat the recorder and Seraiah the scribe or secretary. While these were
in attendance on David at Jerusalem they did not supersede the ordinary home
rule of the tribes of Israel. Each tribe had still its prince or ruler, and
continued, under a general superintendence from the king, to conduct its local
affairs (1 Chronicles 27:16-22). This
home-rule system, besides interesting the people greatly in the prosperity of
the country, was a great check against the abuse of the royal authority; and it
is a proof that the confidence of Rehoboam in the stability of his government,
confirmed perhaps by a superstitious view of that promise to David, must have
been an absolute infatuation, the product of utter inexperience on his part,
and of the most foolish counsel ever tendered by professional advisers.
3. Ecclesiastical administration. The capture of Jerusalem and its
erection into the capital of the kingdom made a great change in ecclesiastical
arrangements. For some time before it would have been hard to tell where the
ecclesiastical capital was to be found. Shiloh had been stripped of its glory
when Ichabod received his name, and the Philistine armies destroyed the place.
Nob had shared a similar fate at the hands of Saul. The old tabernacle erected
by Moses in the wilderness was at Gibeon (1 Chronicles 21:29), and remained
there even after the removal of the ark to Zion (1 Kings 3:4). At Hebron, too, there
must have been a shrine while David reigned there. But from the time when David
brought up the ark to Jerusalem that city became the greatest centre of the
national worship. There the services enjoined by the law of Moses were
celebrated; it became the scene of the great festivals of Passover, Pentecost,
and Tabernacles. We are told that the heads of the ecclesiastical department
were Zadok the son of Ahitub and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar. These
represented the elder and the younger branches of the priesthood. It is
scarcely possible to say how far these careful ecclesiastical arrangements were
instrumental in fostering the spirit of genuine piety. But there is too much
reason to fear that even in David’s time that element was very deficient. The
bursts of religious enthusiasm that occasionally rolled over the country were
no sure indications of piety in a people easily roused to temporary gushes of
feeling, but deficient in stability. The systematic administration of his
kingdom by King David was the fruit of a remarkable faculty of orderly
arrangement that belonged to most of the great men of Israel. We see it in
Abraham, in his prompt and successful marshalling of his servants to pursue and
attack the kings of the East when they carried off Lot; we see it in Joseph,
first collecting and then distributing the stores of food in Egypt; in Moses, conducting
that marvellous host in order and safety through the wilderness; and, in later
times, in Ezra and Nehemiah, reducing the chaos which they found at Jerusalem
to a state of order and prosperity which seemed to verify the vision of the dry
bones. We see it in the Son of David, in the orderly way in which all His
arrangements were made: the sending forth of the twelve Apostles and the
seventy disciples, the arranging of the multitude when He fed the five
thousand, and the careful gathering up of the fragments “that nothing be lost.”
In the spiritual kingdom, a corresponding order is demanded, and times of peace
and rest in the Church are times when this development is specially to be
studied. (W. G. Blaikie, D. D.)
A just governor
The people of Khartoum (after giving General Gordon an
enthusiastic welcome as their new Governor-General), anxiously awaited a speech
in return. It came characteristic of the man: “With the help of God I will hold
the balance level.” It was what they wanted, a just ruler and judge, and at
last they had got one. Governors formerly could only be approached by bribery
of the officials around them. General Gordon had a letter-box made in the door
of his palace, for all petitions, and they received his personal attention.
──《The Biblical Illustrator》